The Death Of My Uncle Essay - 1694 Words

Throughout my life, my mother, a single parent, has been dedicated, determined, and courageous, and I have tried to develop the characteristics that she embodies. Similarly, the death of my uncle was the catalyst for my decision to enter the field of public health. His death has pushed me to strive for excellence and has influenced my academic and future aspirations. My ultimate career goals are to become a general surgeon who does clinical and community-based research and to serve the community. This paper will explore the financial challenges I encountered while growing up, the death of my uncle, and how this has influenced my passion and future aspiration to become a health practitioner. At a very young age, my mother instilled the importance of education, protecting and following my dreams, and making use of the opportunities that are presented to me. My mother emphasized that having an education can lead to a successful future, and I have grown to realize that it is the key elem ent to reaching my full potential. By acquiring a higher level of education there are no limits because there is always knowledge to be gained. As a single parent, my mother with two kids, at the time, and no college degree had to work a full-time job. She also worked on her farm where she grew her own food and vegetables. My mom would save the money from what she earned from selling some of the ground provisions (as we say in Jamaica) such as yams. She would later use the money to offset theShow MoreRelatedOvercoming Death1108 Words   |  5 PagesOvercoming Death It was a week after Mom and I visited my uncle when we received the call announcing his death. Uncle Lito, my oldest—and favourite—uncle from Dad’s side, had been battling against cancer for almost a year and he had been coping up so well that we all thought he would survive. His passing was a shock for all of us, especially to my father, who was working abroad at the time and was the closest amongst the siblings to Uncle Lito. I remember Dad lamenting over the phone, telling MomRead MoreEssay On Mental Illness In Hamlet765 Words   |  4 Pagesultimate betrayal of his uncle, Claudius, who is throned king following his father’s death and marriage to Hamlet’s mother, Gertrude. Hamlet begins to show signs of depression and emotional instability from the beginning. As the play progresses, Hamlet becomes more and more mentally unstable until he begins to border insanity. Hamlet’s mental health is a recurring theme in the play and there are many signs of his suffering. Hamlet’s father’s death, betrayal of his uncle and resentment of his motherRead MoreThree Experiences that Made Me Who I Am Today Essay532 Words   |  3 Pagespoisoned by my uncle and friend. All the trails and tribulations that you encounter are only to make you better person even if it’s bad. Personally I have been through a lot in 16 years. Some good and some bad but at the end it made me the young last that I am today. Your life experiences only prepare you for the real word. Three life experiences that made me who I am are Death of my uncle, my mom being ill and the switching of schools. My uncles death is the reason I have so my strength. I had my firstRead MoreHamlet Soliloquy Act 1, Scene 2 Essay894 Words   |  4 Pagesthus is having an incestuous relationship with her. We also learn that Claudius has plans to stop the Norwegian invasion from the north. Hamlet, the son of the late king is unhappy about his mother’s marriage to his uncle and is still mourning the death of his father. Hamlet has become withdrawn and depressed and wants to return to his studies in Wittenberg (Germany), but stays because they are the wishes of his mother and Claudius. Despite his agreement with his motherRead MorePlastic Surgery Or Anti Aging Cream1670 Words   |  7 Pages People say that in the face of death, your life will flash before your eyes. That may be true for sudden death situations, but not when looking at everyone’s inevitable death. For some, the acceptance of death comes easily, but for others it may be harder. Contrary to popular belief, no one truly dies of old age, due to the physiological failure that is unavoidable (Fiore 258). Some people may try to postpone the physical aging by investing in plastic surgery or anti-aging cream. Physical developmentRead MoreAnalysis Of The Short Story You CanT Take It With You1130 Words   |  5 Pageslearn how ride a bike. My older siblings could all ride bikes, and I wanted the same independence that they had. Instead of going to my dad for help, I walked my pink unicorn bike to the top of a hill by myself. I got on the bike and pushed off. That day I fell several times, but I w as not going to give in to failure. I wanted to prove that I could do anything that my older siblings could do. Finally, I got back up to the top of the hill, pushed off, pedaled, and I was riding my bike all by myselfRead MoreHamlet : Claudius And Hamlet1008 Words   |  5 PagesPaternal-Parental-Uncle-Father-Figure-Claudius and Adopted-Nephew-Cousin-Son-Hamlet A parental figure and son conflict in Hamlet is Claudius and Hamlet. In Hamlet’s dysfunctional family Claudius has taken the place of Hamlet’s father after killing his brother the king. Hamlet refuses to acknowledge Claudius as his father because Claudius took the place of his father a month after his dad died . Another source to the conflict is that Claudius killed Hamlet’s father. After Hamlet found out aboutRead MoreEssay about The Loss of My Uncle1020 Words   |  5 Pagesordinary day. I was on my way to class on this cold February afternoon, when my phone rung. It was my cousin on the other end telling me to call my mom. I could not figure out what was wrong, so I quickly said okay and I hung up and called my mom. When my mom answered the phone I told her the message but I said I do not know what is wrong. My mom was at work and could not call right away, so I took the effort to call my cousin back to see what was going on. She told me that our uncle was in the hospitalRead MoreHamlet Is All About Revenge And Tragedy853 Words   |  4 PagesShakespeare play â€Å"Hamlet† is all about revenge and tragedy. The wrongdoing of a character leads to the death of every main character. Now knowing that it had all started with the Ghost of Hamlets revengeful father. King Hamlet (Ghost) is known to have had a huge part on how the story developed. King Hamlet (Ghost) appearing to Hamlet, in the beginning of the play is what sets the dynamic of the whole play. Without King Hamlet there would be no tragedy. If Hamlet did not see the ghost of his fatherRead MoreAntigone Essay835 Words   |  4 PagesNot even a supreme ruler can decide the right and wrong things to do. Antigone, in â€Å"Antigone† is set on honroing her dead brother even if it means going against her uncle Creon, resulting in a classic father or fatherly figure daughter conflict. In Sophocles’ play â€Å"Antigone†, the combination of Antigone’s stubborn loyalty and her uncle Creon’s hubris result in the main conflict, while also demonstrating that stubornness and pride lead to destruction. To begin, conflict between Antigone and Creon

Cdcs Control and Prevention of Hiv - 586 Words

Summary of Research for Legal Project Presentation Tammy Fergerson HCS/430 7/15/2012 Edna Wilkerson The Center for Disease Control provides leadership, guidance, and research to help control the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) epidemic by working alongside the communities on a state and national level. They are also partners with other countries abroad in research, surveillance and evaluation of activities among the world’s population. The activities monitored are critical to CDC due to the estimated 1.1 million Americans infected with the disease. Some of these infected populations do not know they are infected and the number increases each year. CDC’s programs help improve the†¦show more content†¦(2012). In Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services. Retrieved July 15, 2012, fromShow MoreRelatedHuman Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv ) / Aids1278 Words   |  6 Pagesimmunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS is a pandemic problem affecting global health. At the end of 2015, 36.7 million people were living with HI V/AIDS globally. The rate of incidence is more prevalent in Sub-Saharan Africa with almost 1 in every 24 adults living with HIV/AIDS. In the united states, HIV/AIDS is a diversified health problem affecting all sexes, ages and races and involving the transmission of multiple risk behavior. However, with the introduction of various prevention programs and antiretroviralRead MoreThe Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv )1459 Words   |  6 PagesThe human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that causes AIDS (auto immunodeficiency syndrome – the final stage of HIV) can be classified as one of the most devastating epidemics in United States history (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2015). Although still an alarming concern in public health, due to prevention strategies and medical advances, the disease is less fatal and is treated as a chronic disease (instead of a death sentence, as in the past). There are currently 1.2 millionRead MoreHiv / Aids : A Global Health Syste m1606 Words   |  7 PagesHIV/AIDS: A global health system Rita K. Asiedu Rutgers University Abstract Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS is a pandemic problem affecting global health. At the end of 2015, 36.7 million people were living with HIV/AIDS globally. The rate of incidence is more prevalent in Sub-Saharan Africa with almost 1 in every 24 adults living with HIV/AIDS. In the united states, HIV/AIDS is a diversified health problem affecting all sexes, ages and races and involving the transmission of multipleRead MoreThe Effects Of Hiv On A Healthy Lifestyle1553 Words   |  7 Pagesindividuals who have contracted HIV, there are certain steps a person can take to live a healthy lifestyle. Most people assume that after a person has contracted HIV, then it is over and there is nothing that person can do. It is true that the HIV virus does not have a cure, but it does not mean that people have to let the virus consume them by thinking there is nothing they can do. If the individual found out early the HIV virus was in their body, they can go to a HIV medical care and receive à ¢â‚¬Å"antiretroviral†Read MoreThe Importance Of Public Health Policy803 Words   |  4 PagesThere are seven words that the Trump administration has allegedly banned the policy analysts at the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in preparing the 2019 budget. However, CDC Director Dr. Brenda Fitzgerald issued a statement to deny the agency was prohibited from using the seven words or phrases. The Washington Post identified the seven words or phrases as vulnerable, entitlement, diversity, transgender, fetus, evidence-based, and science-based. The instructions were given at a meetingRead MoreThe Importance Of Evidence Based On Public Health996 Words   |  4 Pages According to the Center of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) evidence based is having the necessary tools to improve the population health. The importance of evidence based on Public Health, because its focus on the population and emphasis on the prevention, health promotion and the whole entire community. Effective programs can help increase understanding of STDs and HIV and how to get proper screening. Effective programs/policies/initiatives The CDC’s Division of Adolescent and School HealthRead MoreHiv Aids And Hiv And Aids1246 Words   |  5 Pages HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus (Avert). It is virus that attacks the immune system, our body’s defense against disease (Avert). Individuals who become infected with HIV will find it harder to fight infections (Avert). HIV is located in semen, blood, vaginal and anal fluids, and breast milk (HIV and Aids). The most common method to become infected is through anal or vaginal sex without a condom (HIV and Aids). Other forms of contraction include using infected needles/ syringes, fromRead MoreEssay on Prevention Of Hiv Transmittance To Babies1145 Words   |  5 Pages Prevention of HIV Transmittance to Babies Last year, it was cause for celebration. The cause of celebration was for the results that several clinical trials of zidovudine cut the risk for mother to child transmission of human immune deficiency virus (HIV) by two thirds. Although, this year, it is the basis for new federal recommendations that all pregnant women should receive HIV testing and counseling. But, these findings have been cause of protests by several activist groups. Activists fear thatRead MoreHuman Immunodeficiency Virus And Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Essay1691 Words   |  7 Pagestransmitted, so basically if it is highly contagious and most importantly, if any cure has been established for it. Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome(HIV/AIDS) is one of the most difficult epidemics to control. This is because, the HIV virus attacks the very cells designed to control and as such, can avoid exposure to treatments which is the major reason why a cure for it hasn’t been found. Owing to the lack of their knowledge of the severity of the virus, a shadowRead MoreCenters for Disease Control and Prevention629 Words   |  3 Pages Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Weam Khadim PBHE501-American Public University May 21, 2013 Dr. Shalah Watkins-Bailey Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Center for Disease Control and Prevention is a national public health federal agency under Department of Health and Human Services headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia. It is division of Department of Health and Human Services responsible for managing national programs for control and prevention of communicable diseases

AIH Planning and Business Intelligence †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Data Mining and Business Intelligence. Answer: Introduction AIH is planning to offer financial help to the students by developing its own financial programs. The primary aim of this project is to offer low interest financial help to the students to encourage more students to enroll with the organization. The business goal of this initiative includes increase in the number of students, offering assistance to the students in fees and other living expenses and further encouraging the senior citizens, home makers, low income earners to study without worrying about a the cost of studying. However, there are certain risks associated with this plan, which includes the risk of accruing bad debts and so on. The business understanding of this scheme is elaborated in the following paragraphs. Business Understanding: Business Objective The main objective of this project is to provide a financial help for the students without using the government sponsor. This organization is planning to implement this by developing its own financial programs by linking with the existing financial institution. This noble initiative is named as We can pay you to study now by the organization. The idea and objective behind implementing this project is to increase the students enrolment, offering assistance to the students with their fees, offering assistance for the living expenses of the students and providing avenue for students to encourage them for studying more without worrying. Problem Area The major problem area associated with the implementation of this project is its business development. Since the project deals with the development of financial help for the students by developing its own financial programs by linking with the existing financial institution, a major problem will occur in the implementation of the project if the existing financial institutions refuse to render their support. Data mining is important for this project as it will give an idea of the students structure and details of the people who although are interested in undertaking a course, are not being able to join it due to financial issues (Shmueli Lichtendahl Jr, 2017.). The prerequisite of the project is definitely a rough calculation of the probable number of students who might be interested in undertaking a course if given this opportunity. Therefore, the business definitely use data mining (Larose, 2014). The target group for this project is mainly the low-income earners, rural residents, international students and homemakers. A running system can definitely be expected as the organization is planning to upgrade its scheme from government financial help to providing own financial programs. The users needs and expectation includes, studying without worrying about paying the course fees. Business Success Criteria The successful implementation of this project may help in meeting the business objectives identified for this project. The different business success criteria associated with the project are listed below- 1) The project would be considered successful from a business point of view only if the enrollment of students is increased by 20% on an average. 2) Students are benefited by this project and proper student assistance is achieved 3) The project offers assistance for the students living expense that should be decreased by at least 5%. 4) The enrollment of senior citizens, professionals, homemakers and low income earners are increased by 10 %. Assess Situation: Inventory of Resources The resources available for the project are listed below- 1) The Project manager appointed for the project who is responsible for developing a proper project plan 2) A data-mining expert who is responsible for doing the market research about the success factors of the project 3) A high authority member of the organization to set the project and the business goals 4) The data gathered from the extensive data mining process 5) A proper data-mining tool such as Rapid miner and Orange (Hofmann Klinkenberg, 2013) 6) A technical support expert hired for proper storage of the data gathered by the process of data mining (Ledolter, 2013) Sources of Data and Knowledge The different data sources identified for the project includes 1) The data collected from the different social media platforms as a result of extensive data mining. This data sources is grouped as online data sources that helps in estimating the needs of this project and its success criteria. 2) Data collected from different institution in order to know about the need of implementation of the project. 3) The different written documents and the research papers in assuming the probability of success of this project The different knowledge sources for implementation of this project are listed below- 1) Different online sources, especially the social media that are used worldwide can be a great source of knowledge (Aggarwal Zhai, 2012) 2) Different research papers may further help in gaining knowledge about the implementation of this project The most important technique for successful implementation of this project is a data mining and a proper project implementation plan. The data mining tools that can be used includes Rapid miner and Orange. The background knowledge that is essential for implementing this project is researching about the similar other projects and thoroughly understanding its pros and cons from business point of view. This will help in determining the correct strategy and plan for successful implementation of this project. Requirements, Assumptions and Constraints The requirements for the project are listed below- 1) The project must be completed within the set schedule in order to obtain the desired results. The project must be completed within 60 days. 2) The different risks associated with the project, which includes incurring a bad debt for lending money from different financial institution and causing financial hardship for students and the institution as well should be properly dealt with before implementing the project. The failure of this project may not only risk the organization and earn it bad reputation, it may further result in certain legal issues against the organization. Therefore, these conditions must be properly evaluated before the implementation of the project. The different assumptions that are associated with the project are listed below- 1) The data are mined from reliable sources especially in case of online resources. The authenticity of the data is needed to be ascertained in order to receive an accurate result. the process of data mining holds utmost importance in proper implementation of this project and therefore ascertaining the integrity and authenticity of the data, which is mined is a must need. 2) The project schedule is sufficient for the completion of the project 3) The resources required for the project will be easily available 4) The project will not go over budget The project constraints associated with the project are listed below- 1) 25 % of the project work should be completed within the first 20 days of project initiation 2) The resources are limited and therefore the project must be completed with the given resources only 3) The cost of the project cannot be changed 4) The scope of the project should remain intact The different risks associated with the project and its contingency plan are listed in the following table- Associated Risk Contingency Plan and Risk Mitigation 1) Schedule Risk: The project is taking a longer time than expected, which might ultimately lead in increasing the overall cost of the project In order to ensure that this risk is not faced by the organization while implementing the project, the project progress must be supervised on a daily basis (McNeil, Frey Embrechts, 2015). 2) Cost Risk: This risk might be a result of poor cost estimation and accuracy of scope creep The cost risk can be mitigated by developing a proper requirement analysis of the project and developing the project plan accordingly (Christoffersen, 2012) 3) Performance Risk: This type of risk occurs when a project fails to produce results according to the specifications. This risk can be mitigated by proper supervision of the project (Lam, 2014). The business risks associated with this project includes the other institution that may develop similar business strategy in attracting the students. The financial risks associated with the project is that, if the other financial institution refuses to render help. The data risks included mining of data from un-trusted sources, which may provide wrong data. Determining data mining goals The data-mining goal indentified in implementation of this project are listed below- 1) The process of data mining should be able to predict the possible number of students, who would be interested in joining the organization if this project is implemented (Chen, Chiang Storey, 2012) 2) The process of data mining associated with this project should be able to classify the needs of implementing this project and the possibility of its success. The data mining problem type associated with implementation of this project scalability of the data, that group into clustering problem of data mining. Highly scalable clustering algorithm is required for managing the data mining process (Wu et al., 2014). Conclusion Therefore, from the above discussion it can be concluded that the project under discussion can be implemented successfully by the said organization by an extensive research based data mining process and by following a proper project management plan. The report discusses the different requirements, assumptions and constraints associated with this project. The report further elaborates the business objectives and data mining goals associated with the project. References Aggarwal, C. C., Zhai, C. (Eds.). (2012).Mining text data. Springer Science Business Media. Chen, H., Chiang, R. H., Storey, V. C. (2012). Business intelligence and analytics: From big data to big impact.MIS quarterly,36(4). Christoffersen, P. F. (2012).Elements of financial risk management. Academic Press. Hofmann, M., Klinkenberg, R. (Eds.). (2013).RapidMiner: Data mining use cases and business analytics applications. CRC Press. Lam, J. (2014).Enterprise risk management: from incentives to controls. John Wiley Sons. Larose, D. T. (2014).Discovering knowledge in data: an introduction to data mining. John Wiley Sons. Ledolter, J. (2013).Data mining and business analytics with R. John Wiley Sons. McNeil, A. J., Frey, R., Embrechts, P. (2015).Quantitative risk management: Concepts, techniques and tools. Princeton university press. Shmueli, G., Lichtendahl Jr, K. C. (2017).Data Mining for Business Analytics: Concepts, Techniques, and Applications in R. John Wiley Sons. Wu, X., Zhu, X., Wu, G. Q., Ding, W. (2014). Data mining with big data.IEEE transactions on knowledge and data engineering,26(1), 97-107.

Jean Piaget free essay sample

Jean Piaget was a theorist who studied child development; one of the many aspects of early childhood Piaget studied was preoperational thinking. Preoperational thinking usually occurs from ages 2 through 7 according to Piaget. It’s when a child is not able to think logically and perform activities that require logic. In other words, a child is not yet ready at this stage, to reason many situations. Piaget created many experiments that could help educators observe and detect the stages and levels of thinking of different children. For this observation, I focused on four aspects of preoperational thinking; conservation, centration, irreversible thinking, and focus on appearance. Piaget developed a set of tests for children that if failed, would demonstrate a child’s inability to think logically at their age. I observed six year old Breanna Nixon who demonstrated signs of both the preoperational stage (not being able to understand concrete logic) and the concrete operational stage (inductive logic). We will write a custom essay sample on Jean Piaget or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The first experiment I did with Breanna tested her irreversible thinking, which is the inability to hold the logic to understand that reversing a procedure will restore it to the original state in which it begun, â€Å"Preoperational thinkers fail to recognize that reversing a process sometimes restores whatever excised before†. (Berger, 2009, p. 250) In this experiment, I presented Breanna with two equal sized cups of water with the same amount of water in each. I then asked, ‘Breanna, are these cups equal? Do they have the same amount of water? † Breanna said yes after she checked the cups and we proceeded to the next question. I showed her a taller glass and asked, â€Å"Can you pour one of these cups into this one? † She poured one of the cups into the taller glass and then I asked â€Å"Now what do you think? Does this cup have more water? (The smaller glass) Or does this one have more water? (The taller glass) Or do they hold the same about of water? † Breanna quickly said, â€Å"The tall glass has more† I asked why and she responded, â€Å"Well this tall glass is higher and the water is higher than in the small glass† It is evident that this six year old girl has not yet understood the concept of reversing occurrences, however since she is 6, she is close to understanding. The next experiment covers the concept of centration. Centration is also referred to as egocentrism. This concept is literally being egocentric. A child at this stage only understands their own perception and point of view of things. â€Å"Centration is the tendency to focus on one aspect of the situation to the exclusion of others. † (Berger, 2009, p. 250) In this experiment I placed a doll facing Breanna and I, and a block behind the doll. I asked Breanna what it was that she saw placed on the table, and she answered â€Å" A doll and a block†, then I asked her, â€Å"Can the doll see the block? Breanna said, â€Å"No, she cant see the block because she’s facing us. She needs to turn around if she wants to look at the block. † Breanna is past the stage of being egocentric. As she gets older, she is able to understand different point of views. Understanding conservation means understanding that the amount of a substance is conserved even if its shape cha nges.

Biomarkers Definition Working Group

Biomarkers Definition Working Group With diminishing success in drug development, manufacturers have been exploring new ways of making drug manufacturing process successful. Biomarkers play a crucial role in drug development (Bleavins, Carini, Jurima, Rahbari, 2011). Pharmaceutical companies consider using biomarkers to increase the efficiency of new drugs. This paper explores biomarkers, their use, classifications and importance in drug development.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Biomarkers Definition Working Group specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Biomarker has various definitions from different groups. According to Biomarkers Definition Working Group, a it is defined as an indicator in pathogenic or biological processes, which can be measured and evaluated objectively in a given intervention in therapy (Bleavins et al., 2011). Clinical end point defines it as an indicator reflecting the feelings and functioning of a patient as well as his survival. Finally, surrogate endpoint defines biomarker, as an instrument whose intention is to substitute clinical end point (Bleavins et al., 2011). There are three types of biomarkers: type 0, I and II. Type 0 is an indicator in diseases and correlates with given symptoms. It is concerned with risks of a given exposure. Type I shows the effects or response of a given intervention or therapy in an organism during drug development. Type II biomarkers are surrogate indicators. This means that, change in a biomarker indicates clinical end (Bleavins et al., 2011). Biomarkers are used to measure the well-being of a person; both physical and mental. They are used to determine the state of an individual’s health (Zwierzina, 2008). In addition, they are used to measure the risks and influence of a given exposure, which can be as a result of environmental or hereditary factors. If a disease is caused by exposure to toxins, researchers may choose to measure the level of toxin concentration in an individuals environment. Researchers can also measure the alleged toxin in food, water, air or soil directly. As a result, they are able to ascertain the risks and susceptibility associated with a given exposure (Zwierzina, 2008). Biomarkers are used to ascertain the severity of diseases. They can determine whether a disease is severe or not. Biomarkers are used to predict results. They are used in drug development; hence they can predict the efficacy of a new drug.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, they are used in determining the most efficient type of nutrition, intervention and treatment in a patient. Imaging a biomarker assists researchers to develop efficient drugs for a given disease; through evaluation of an individual and the response to the drug (Javitt Spencer, Thaker, Winterer, Hajà ³s, 2008). Post-therapy evaluation determines the efficie ncy of nutrition and intervention in an individuals body. Biomarkers are used to evaluate a persons response to therapy. Through biomarker imaging, the concentration of drugs in tissues can be measured (Javitt et al., 2008). In addition, receptor occupancy and characterization of receptors can be done to evaluate an individuals response towards an intervention. Biomarkers are used to monitor compliance of a drug. They are supposed to meet the intended purpose and adhere to given regulations. To determine the compliance of a drug, indicators are set in order to measure the biological activity of a drug before and after treatment. Biomarkers are used for forensic purposes (Wagner, 2008). They are applied in various fields of science and technology to establish facts about civil law. Generally, they are used for diverse purposes in clinical development. Different types of biomarkers are used for different purposes; hence they are unique and each has a specific purpose. For example, if a biomarker is intended to measure the effect of a drug or therapy, the response should show some correlations to the symptoms of disease (Wagner, 2008). Biomarkers are used according to their classifications; pharmacological, toxicological and pathological biomarkers. Indicators used for pathological processes are specific and can not be used for toxicological or pharmacological processes. In clinical care, biomarkers are classified according to their purpose (Javitt et al., 2008). Preventive biomarker identifies an individual’s risk to suffer from a certain disease. Diagnostic indicators are used to identify disease at early stages before the symptoms are noticed. Moreover, prognostic biomarkers show the possibility of disease progression in a patient as he continues with therapy.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Biomarkers Definition Working Group specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Also, there are predictive variables which identify the response of patient to a given therapy (Zwierzina, 2008). Lastly, therapeutic indicators give the total number of responses from patients undergoing a treatment. This means that each indicator is unique and has a set purpose. Biomarkers are identified according to their function. For example, if a researcher suspects that a disease is caused by being exposed to a certain toxin, then biomarkers (organisms) are exposed to these toxins and extend of effects is established. In oncology, the indicators for cancer are tumors and a researcher scans their sizes to determine the magnitude of an infection (Bleavins et al., 2011). Neurologists measure the occurrence of multiple sclerosis in order to evaluate Alzheimer disease. X-ray is done to establish the impacts of muscuskeletal diseases like arthritis and fractures among others. If the purpose of a biomarker is to measure the response of a given intervention, then an organism is subjected to a certain medicine. Different diseases have different biomarkers, for example, tumors are biomarkers for cancer (Bleavins et al., 2011). A surrogate endpoint can be defined as an indicator which alternates a clinical endpoint. It is also known as reserve biomarker. Clinical endpoint is an indicator showing the general operation of a patient. For example, blood pressure may not affect every patient, however in clinical development, it is considered as a risk factor for diseases like stroke and heart attack (Javitt et al., 2008). Pharmacodynamic markers are indicators used in monitoring biological impacts of a drug. They are used in decision- making during the early stages of drug development. They are used to establish doses and dosing in pre-clinical and clinical development of a drug. Pharmacodynamic marker is a reflection of pharmacologic responses (Wagner, 2008). Surrogate end point and Pharmacodynamic are useful in drug development. Surrogate end point is not an independent marker on itself. It ca n be extrinsic or intrinsic. It is a substitute. Moreover, they can be used in prediction of expected clinical results in drug development process (Wagner, 2008).Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The main disadvantage of surrogate end points is: they need long follow ups and they are not independent. Pharmacodynamic are induced by non-drug events and have many limitations (Bleavins et al., 2011). One of the reasons these two biomarkers are not important in studies is surrogates are not a pathway for disease process in clinical developments. In addition, they are not sensitive to a given intervention. This means that they might give false impression about an intervention. Surrogates are important when a given process is well- known and the results expected are certain (Bleavins et al., 2011). Validation of surrogates is somehow difficult. They are important in some clinical developments but not all. Due to these reasons, surrogate and Pharmacodynamic biomarkers are not emphasized in studies. References Bleavins, M. R., Carini, C., Jurima-Romet, M., Rahbari, R. (Eds.). (2011). Biomarkers  in drug development: a handbook of practice, application, and strategy. Wiley. Javitt, D. C., Spencer, K. M., Thaker, G. K., Winterer, G., Hajà ³s, M. (2008). Neurophysiological biomarkers for drug development in schizophrenia. Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 7(1), 68-83. Wagner, J. A. (2008). Strategic approach to fit-for-purpose biomarkers in drug development. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 48, 631-651. Zwierzina, H. (2008). Biomarkers in drug development. Annals of oncology, 19(suppl 5), v33-v37.

Amazon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Amazon - Essay Example Amazon strives to offer the widest selection of both new and used products. They not only sell books in a wide category but also electronics, apparel, gift cards, shoes, accessories, watches, photography, software, tools and hardware, cameras, movies, toys, house items, computers, games, music, jewelry, magazine subscriptions, gourmet food, kitchenware, cellular phones, sports items, among others. This diversification of products has transformed Amazon into an all-in-one online retail store (Amazon.com). Amazon has focused on building a reputation to gain new customers and retain existing ones. The company calls itself the biggest bookstore in the world and has used diverse strategies to gain a positive online reputation. The company uses its extensive resources, communication strategies, positioning (name and motto), targeted advertising, and web design to create reputation as a leading book retailer and the leader in the online retail industry (Mellahi and Johnson). Amazon is the broadest discounter globally in whichever product type one chooses to buy. The company also offers loyalty packages, which come with massive benefits like getting movies without any additional cost. Amazon provides free shipping offers and customers can also avoid state sales tax. The company sells Kindle at a deficit ($59 instead of $79) and has a Price Check App. In relation to physical book retailers, Amazon prices are lower because of reduced transaction costs and streamlined distribution processes (Amazon.com). Amazon was the first company to start book retailing business model in the online platform and has made numerous innovations and significant research and developments (e.g. â€Å"one-click† shopping) to improve customer experience, hence, gaining support from the online community. Amazon is the first company to develop most of the currently known technologies in online retailing. The Amazon brand was

Marketing Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Marketing Management - Essay Example Therefore, to prevent others from preying on a new product idea, entrepreneurs must seek legal protection for their great ideas. One can seek nondisclosure agreement to protect trade secrets. Similarly, there are other legal protection mechanisms such as patents, registered design, trademark, copyright and licensing among others that can be used to protect unique ideas. The nature of the product will determine the most appropriate protection measure to be taken. This paper explores suitable legal protection mechanisms for Smart Control, branding and evidence of viability. It also gives justifications for the choice of the product’s target audience. Methods of Legal Protection Available for Smart Control Patents The first appropriate legal protection choice available for our product, Smart Control is patenting. A patent refers to a legitimate monopoly issued by the government to an entrepreneur for specific time coverage (Rowland & MacDonald 2005). Patents prevent other people from commercially benefiting from other people’s product ideas, manufacturing methods as well as product functioning. A patent will be more suitable for safeguarding Smart Control because it can usually protects a product from a wider perspective compared to copyright (Galler 1995). It will disclose to the public how Smart Control works while disclosing the extent of protection to our product. Being a novel, important and inventive step, Smart Control qualifies for patenting. However, the company will need to conduct patent search to establish the products legibility for registration and avoid adverse legal issues in future. Licensing The second available option is licensing. Smart Control being an intellectual property, can be commercially exploited by television manufacturing companies as well as other devices it is designed to operate. Smart Control’s patent may be sold or mortgaged. Consequently, licensing will enable the company to allow licensees to exploit our i nvention for a fee (Lindberg 2009). Licenses can be a crucial revenue source for us. Trademark Trademark will identify and distinguish Smart Control from other similar products. Unlike copyrights, trademark law may prohibit developing similar product, which may confuse the public. As such, trademark protection will be more suitable for our product compared to copyright (Lindberg 2009). Trademark law will protect our unique mark effectively. Trade Secret Nondisclosure agreements and trade secret protection protects a new idea from being stolen by competitors (Anderman 2007). Smart Control being an iphone compatible app can easily be stolen by iphone producing companies to better their products. Trade secret protection will help to protect Smart Control from being illegally exploited by iphone companies that would wish to partner with us to deliver superior products to the consumer. Management of Brands Contemporary advertising majorly focus on brand management. Brand management refer s to the techniques aimed at establishing, promoting, and protecting the integrity of a given brand (Kapferer 2008). Commercial advertisement messages usually appeal to customers to buy a particular brand and not any other by claiming superiority. Branding eliminates any notion about the possibility of a product being generic. According to Wood (2000), brands are fundamental product differentiation strategy and must as such be managed strategically. Strategic brand management (branding) commence only after a